Un uomo può prestare grano e grano ai suoi inquilini per seminare, ma non per mangiare. [È consentito prestare sa'ah-for-sa'ah a un agricoltore inquilino solo quando desidera seminarlo. La logica: In un luogo in cui è l'inquilino-agricoltore che fornisce il seme, se non ha semi per seminare il campo, il proprietario lo rimanderà via. E se l'inquilino-agricoltore prende in prestito dal proprietario e semina e gli restituisce (una sa'ah di) grano quando il prezzo del grano è aumentato, questo non è (ritorno) un prestito, ma è come se lui (il l'inquilino-agricoltore) passa a (lavorarlo) ora sulla base della comprensione che il proprietario prende prima dal seme dalla quota che ritorna al conduttore-agricoltore, e l'inquilino-agricoltore prende ciò che è rimasto come retribuzione per il suo lavoro, avendo contratto per lavorare su questa comprensione—che prende meno degli altri inquilini-agricoltori in base alla quantità del seme, e qui non c'è costola.] Perché R. Gamliel presterebbe i suoi inquilini-agricoltori grano per grano per la semina. Se (grano) era caro (quando lo prestava) ed era economico (quando restituito), o era economico (quando prestato) e caro (quando restituito), avrebbe preso da loro in base al prezzo più economico. Non perché questa è l'halachah, ma perché voleva essere severo con se stesso. [Cioè, è stato necessario aggiungere questa Mishnah perché R. Gamliel era rigoroso, prendendo (il grano indietro) in base al prezzo più economico se il prezzo fosse diminuito. La Mishnah ci informa che questa non è l'halachah, ma che R. Gamliel desiderava essere severo con se stesso.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia
חטין בחטין לזרע – It is permissible to lend to a tenant farmer (who tills the owner’s ground for a certain share in the produce, as opposed to a certain rent in kind/חכיר, irrespective of the yield of the crops) a Seah for a Seah (even though this is normally forbidden) specifically when he wants to sow with them, and the reason for this is that in the place where the tenant farmer is, when he gives the seed, if he didn’t have seed to sow the field, the owner would remove him, and when the tenant farmer borrows from the owner, and he sows [the field], when the wheat go up in price, he gives back wheat, this is not a loan, but rather for the tenant farmer, it is like he goes down into it (i.e., the field) from this moment, on the condition that the owner will take the seed first from the part that will arrive to the tenant farmer, and the tenant farmer will take the rest as the payment for his trouble, and on this condition, he will take less that the other tenant farmers according the measure of the seed, and there is no interest here.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia
Introduction
Mishnayoth eight and nine deal with a person who lends produce in order to receive produce in return. As we have learned previously, if after the loan the value of the type of produce rises, for instance at the time of the loan wheat was 1 dollar a pound and afterwards it was 2 dollars a pound, the borrower will end up returning more value to the lender, which is a form of interest.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Bava Metzia
שהיה רבן גמלאל – that is to say, for this purposes, it was necessary to teach this Mishnah, for Rabbi Gamaliel was more stringent, for if thing became cheaper, he would take according the cheaper set price, and our Mishnah comes to teach us not the Halakha is as such, but rather that he wished to be more stringent upon himself.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Bava Metzia
[A landowner] may lend his tenants wheat to be repaid in wheat, if it is for planting but not if it is for food. For Rabban Gamaliel used to lend his tenants wheat to be repaid in wheat when it was for planting. And if he lent it when the price was high and it afterward fell, or when it was low and it afterward rose, he used to take wheat back at the lower rate, not because such was the rule but because he wanted to be strict upon himself. A person may not lend another person a seah of wheat on the condition that the other person pay back a seah of wheat. The reason is that if the wheat rises in price after the loan the lender will receive in return more than he gave, and that is considered to be a form of interest. Rather he would have to state an amount, such as 100 dollars worth of wheat and when he gets the loan back he will receive 100 dollars worth of wheat at whatever the rate is at the time of repayment. Our mishnah teaches that although one cannot loan wheat in order to be repaid in wheat when the wheat was intended for eating, one may do so when it is for planting and there is no concern that this be considered interest. The simplest way of understanding this is that it is as if the owner is giving him a better field to work, which he is allowed to do. The second half of the mishnah teaches a stringency that Rabban Gamaliel took upon himself. Although it is permitted to lend wheat for wheat if the wheat is for planting, Rabban Gamaliel would always collect upon the lower rate. In this way there was no potential that he would receive back a higher value than he gave in the beginning and thereby loan with interest.
